How to Improve Your Brain Function with An Oxygen Concentrator

February 4, 2024 Jordan Fallis

“Insufficient oxygen means insufficient biological energy that can result in anything from mild fatigue to life threatening disease. The link between insufficient oxygen and disease has now been firmly established.”

— Dr. W. Spencer Way, Journal of the American Association of Physicians

Oxygen is absolutely essential for life, and your brain depends it more than any other part of your body.

Your brain weighs about 2% of your body weight.

But it consumes about 20% of the oxygen you breathe.

Your brain cells need to get enough oxygen to produce energy and function optimally.

If they don’t, they can start to deteriorate, leading to poor memory and concentration, low mood, lack of energy and drive.

I personally use oxygen therapy with an oxygen concentrator to support and optimize my brain function.

This post discusses oxygen therapy, the benefits, how I use it, and how it could help you.

It’s a great way to boost cognitive function, memory and energy.

Read on to learn more.

Types of Oxygen Therapy

Oxygen therapy is the use of supplemental oxygen to treat a variety of medical conditions.

Air is typically 21% oxygen by volume, but oxygen therapy increases the amount.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is the most well-known type of oxygen therapy, and it allows patients to inhale 100% pure oxygen in a total body chamber.

HBOT is often used by professional athletes for recovery and performance.

But it’s expensive and not available to most people.

Luckily, it’s not the only option available to you.

Normobaric oxygen therapy (NBOT) is much less expensive, and it’s easily accessible and non-invasive. I personally use NBOT at home.

Similar to HBOT, NBOT brings a higher percentage of oxygen into the body and can bring major benefits to your brain and cognition.

Researchers have found that both normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen therapy increase the amount of oxygen that is delivered to the blood and brain (1-2).

With normobaric therapy, oxygen can be delivered via an oxygen concentrator.

An oxygen concentrator is a machine that separates oxygen from room air, and then delivers the concentrated oxygen through a nasal cannula or mask.

I use this oxygen concentrator.

Make sure you read the “My Experience” section below where I discuss how to use it. .

Why You Might Need Oxygen Therapy and How It Works

Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply.

If this happens to you, you can end up with mitochondria dysfunction and poor brain function.

But how do you know?

You can use an oxygen saturation monitor to measure and monitor your blood oxygenation levels. I use this monitor. It’s the best and most accurate oxygen saturation monitor that is often used by medical professionals, and freely available to the public.

Your blood oxygen saturation levels (SpO2) should measure 99-100% if you want to feel optimal.

An illustration of the benefits of oxygen therapy.

There are a number of reasons why your body and brain might not be getting enough oxygen:

Sedentary lifestyle and lack of exercise
Shallow breathing – Most people today don’t breathe well and are shallow breathers.
Chronic stress – Stress and anxiety can also affect your breathing. If you're stressed and anxious, you end up taking more shallow breaths. Your sympathetic “fight or flight” nervous system is chronically active, and this reduces the amount of oxygen that reaches your brain.
Abnormal blood pressure – Both high and low blood pressure can be problematic and may suggest that blood is not optimally flowing to your brain. If blood flow to your brain is poor, oxygen levels in your brain will also be suboptimal.

Normobaric oxygen therapy can help you if you’re struggling with any of these problems.

It can also help if you’re recovering from a concussion or brain injury or some sort of toxic exposure (e.g. mold).

Neuroplasticity and neurogenesis require oxygen, and increasing the delivery of oxygen to the body and brain supports the healing process of damaged tissue.

Normobaric oxygen therapy has been shown to work by increasing brain blood flow, reducing permeability of the blood-brain barrier, and it may even have cholinergic properties (3-8).

Researchers have concluded that the “neuroprotective role of normobaric oxygen therapy is extremely promising” (9).

They have also found that it can lead to a number of positive cognitive outcomes, which I'll explore below.

1. Normobaric Oxygen Therapy Improves Memory and Recall

In their book Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals, and Neurocognition, Dr. Andrew Scholey and Dr. Con Stough state that normobaric oxygen therapy is an effective memory enhancer:

“Research has shown that oxygen administration leads to improved long-term memory compared to a control group of normal air-breathing.”

Several clinical studies also show that concentrated oxygen significantly enhances memory formation and recall in adults (10-11, 16-17).

In one study, inhalation of oxygen immediately prior to learning a word list resulted in a significant increase in the average number of words recalled 10 minutes later (14).

In other studies, subjects who received oxygen remembered shopping lists and faces better than subjects that didn’t receive oxygen (12-13, 18).

Researchers have also found significant positive correlations between changes in oxygen saturation and memory performance (15).

2. Normobaric Oxygen Therapy Improves Cognitive Performance

Research shows that concentrated oxygen significantly enhances cognitive performance (19-20, 29).

And it doesn’t just improve cognitive function in the elderly; it also enhances cognitive processing in young adults (21-23).

In one study, students that inhaled oxygen while playing a computer game performed much better compared to students who didn’t inhale any additional oxygen (26).

In two other studies, researchers found that the inhalation of 30% oxygen improved cognitive functioning and performance by activating several brain areas (24-25).

“Oxygen administration appears to facilitate cognition most effectively for tasks with a higher cognitive load.”

— Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals, and Neurocognition

They concluded that breathing a higher concentration of oxygen increases blood oxygen levels in the brain, which then supports cognition (24-25).

And other researchers have found significant correlations between blood oxygen levels and cognitive performance (27-28).

3. Normobaric Oxygen Therapy Enhances Accuracy

Several studies have found that normobaric oxygen therapy can also increase your accuracy when doing tasks.

Two studies found that 30% and 40% oxygen administration significantly enhanced accuracy rates compared to 21% oxygen (normal air). It did this by increasing oxygen levels in the blood, which then stimulated activity in the brain (31-32).

As the difficulty of the task increased, the difference in the accuracy rate between 40% and 21% oxygen administration also increased (33-34).

And researchers found a positive correlation between task performance and oxygen levels in the brain (33-34).

Other research has found that 30% oxygen administration enhances accuracy rates during verbal tasks by activating specific areas of the brain (35-36).

4. Normobaric Oxygen Therapy Reduces Reaction Time

People who receive normobaric oxygen therapy also have faster reaction times (37-38).

In one study, participants performed visual matching tasks under 43% oxygen or 21% oxygen (normal air).

Researchers reported a significant decrease in reaction time in the presence of 43% oxygen (39).

The researchers hypothesized that normobaric oxygen therapy increases oxygen levels in the blood, which then leads to more available oxygen in the brain (39).

Another follow-up study confirmed that response time decreases during normobaric oxygen therapy due to the increase in blood oxygen levels (40).

Normobaric oxygen therapy has even been shown to reduce reaction time in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (41).

5. Normobaric Oxygen Therapy Increases Energy

“Despite comprising only 2 percent of the body’s weight, the brain gobbles up more than 20 percent of daily energy intake.”

All cells within your body need oxygen, particularly your brain cells.

They require a lot of oxygen to produce energy.

In fact, your energy levels depend on how much oxygen you have and how well your mitochondria utilize it.

If your brain doesn’t get enough oxygen, it simply won’t function properly, and you’ll end up feeling tired.

But normobaric oxygen therapy can increase energy.

Research shows that it "decreases fatigue and reduces feelings of sleepiness" (51).

6. Normobaric Oxygen Therapy Improves Neurological Function After Stroke

Researchers say that normobaric oxygen therapy is a promising therapy for stroke patients.

It’s been shown to reduce brain swelling and blood-brain barrier permeability and increase brain blood flow after stroke (42-43).

One study found that normobaric oxygen therapy significantly improved neurological functions in patients with acute ischemic stroke (44).

Other researchers have found that normobaric oxygen therapy increases oxygen supply to damaged tissues and improves outcomes after stroke, in both animals and humans (45-46).

As a non-pharmaceutical and non-invasive treatment, normobaric oxygen therapy is “worthy of notice” (47).

7. Oxygen Therapy May Help Reverse Brain Damage After Traumatic Brain Injury

Researchers found that a combination of normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen therapy reversed brain damage in 2-year-old girl who nearly drowned in a swimming pool.

She received normobaric oxygen treatment (twice daily for 45 minutes by nasal cannula), and doctors witnessed significant improvements in her neurological function (48-49).

Normobaric oxygen therapy alone improved the girl’s neurological function before she started hyperbaric oxygen therapy (48-49).

She eventually made a full recovery with both types of oxygen therapy.

Researchers have also said that the “neuroprotective role of normobaric oxygen therapy is extremely promising” for traumatic brain injury (50).

I’ve also seen multiple studies with rats and mice showing that normobaric oxygen therapy reduces brain swelling and brain damage.

8. Other Possible Benefits (with Less Research Behind Them)

Increases attention and vigilance – Oxygen administration significantly improved performance on several measures of attention and vigilance (52).
Reduces inflammation – Oxygen levels play a critical role in determining the severity of the inflammatory response and ultimately the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs (53-54).
Improves hand-eye coordination (55).
Increases positive sense of wellbeing (56).

My Experience with Normobaric Oxygen Therapy

“If you use oxygen for 20 minutes, muscles become loosened, headaches and stress seem to disappear, there is a renewed energy and a feeling of relaxation.”

— Dr. Richard de Andrea

I was first introduced to oxygen therapy through an integrative doctor I know.

At the end of each appointment with him, I would use his oxygen concentrator for about 15-20 minutes. He used this oxygen concentrator.

I eventually decided to buy my own oxygen concentrator and now regularly use it at home.

There is a dial for adjusting the flow of oxygen and the port is located on the upper right of the machine.

I bought this oxygen concentrator. I'll discuss how it has helped me below.

The oxygen from the concentrator is supplied through an nasal canula. It’s completely non-invasive and painless, and it’s become one of my favourite tools for supporting my brain.

I use it for about 20 to 30 minutes, a few times each week. I often do this while exercising on this indoor stationary bike. Sometimes I use it without exercising on the bike.

I also use it for about 3 to 5 minutes as needed, usually when doing work.

During a session, I use this oxygen saturation monitor to measure my blood oxygenation levels.

Your blood oxygen saturation levels (SpO2) should measure 99-100%. I see mine increase and max out while using the concentrator.

My oxygen concentrator delivers up to 5 litres of oxygen per minute. I usually set mine somewhere between 3 and 5 litres per minute.

But I would recommend starting lower and working your way up.

Similar to low-level laser/light therapy, oxygen therapy is somewhat experimental. You need to find the right “dosage” for yourself.

Benefits and What I’ve Noticed

Jordan Fallis using oxygen concentrator.

I've had good results with concentrated oxygen therapy and it has surprisingly increased the quality of my life.

One of the main things I notice is that it feels like it puts energy back into my body every time I use it.

One of my clients uses it whenever she gets brain fog, and it clears it up. Another client uses it when she gets a headache and the headache disappears within 10 minutes.

It also does an incredible job of getting rid of hangovers. They essentially go away if you use the concentrator the morning after drinking. You just immediately feel like a completely new person.

Here are some other benefits I’ve experienced:

Increased energy and alertness
Improved mood
Increased cognitive function
Improved memory and enhanced ability to work through difficult tasks
More mental motivation, endurance and productivity if used during tasks

Keep in mind that this is my personal experience (and the experiences of a couple of clients). There really is no guarantee that you’ll experience the same results, but it’s worth a try if you’re sick and other therapies aren’t improving your brain function.

Combining Oxygen Therapy with Other Therapies

I also combine oxygen therapy with other therapies and supplements for their synergistic effects.

Researchers have found that combining normobaric oxygen therapy with the following therapies leads to better results (57-59):

Exercise – Exercise with oxygen therapy (EWOT) is typically done with a full mask. But I simply use a nasal canula. My integrative doctor recommended AGAINST wearing a full mask when doing EWOT. I use this indoor stationary bike.
Low-level laser/light therapy (LLLT)– I find I get even more positive effects if I combine oxygen therapy with low-level laser/light therapy (LLLT). My doctor combines the two as well. You can read more about LLLT here.
Methylene blue – Normobaric oxygen therapy and methylene blue work better together at improving outcomes after stroke than either alone. I sometimes take methylene blue, particularly if I'm sleep deprived or within a high-EMF area.
N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) – Normobaric oxygen therapy has been shown to extend the neuroprotective effects of n-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). I take 250 mg of NAC daily.
Melatonin – Melatonin and oxygen therapy work better together at supporting brain health than either alone. Sometimes I use my oxygen concentrator at night before bed, along with melatonin supplementation and/or blue blocking glasses that naturally increase my body’s production and release of melatonin.

Enjoy This Article? You Might Also Like My FREE Food Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health!

Live Optimally,

Jordan Fallis

Connect with me

References:

(1) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23317164

(2) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5234199/

(3) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3023418/

(4) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5110143/

(5) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28931617

(6) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25804925

(7) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27177548

(8) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9600580/

(9) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19922270

(10) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9600580/

(11) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4107523/

(12) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10604851/

(13) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9600580

(14) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8740047

(15) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322865/

(16) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9600580/

(17) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694523/

(18) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9862412

(19) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4107523/

(20) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10604851/

(21) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694523/

(22) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4107523/

(23) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4107523/

(24) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15522765

(25) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15684544

(26) https://goo.gl/h9o5Aj

(27) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4107523/

(28) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10604851/

(29) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17662686/

(30) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4107523/

(31) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053947/

(32) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17395994/

(33) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18569150/

(34) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20080151

(35) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16678926

(36) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15929498

(37) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15627418/

(38) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10604851/

(39) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19429029/

(40) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4107523/

(41) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285726

(42) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26416428

(43) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25804925

(44) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28931617

(45) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5110139/

(46) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4146175/

(47) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5110139/

(48) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5510296/

(49) https://goo.gl/m2CbrR

(50) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19922270

(51) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15627418/

(52) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694523/

(53) http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/12/131202121536.htm

(54) https://jlb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1189/jlb.0912462

(55) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11258587

(56) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11258587

(57) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27458543

(58) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27177548

(59) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26416428

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How to Fight Alzheimer's Disease with Intranasal Insulin

February 4, 2024 Jordan Fallis

A woman spraying insulin up her cose with an intranasal bottle.

Today I want to discuss "intranasal insulin", a cutting-edge therapy that could help a lot of people.

Neurologists and psychiatrists tend to undervalue the impact of hormones originating outside the brain.

Until modern medicine treats the entire body as one unified system, people will continue to lose faith in conventional practitioners and look elsewhere for solutions to their chronic brain and mental health problems.

As Dr. Suzanne Craft, Ph.D, Professor of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, explains:

“People are now starting to understand the critical interaction between the brain and the body and that many of the peptides and hormones produced in the body have very substantial roles to play in the brain. I think we’re at the beginning of a very exciting era in which we’re going to be able to start putting together these systems to understand Alzheimer’s disease, which is clearly a disease of the entire organism, not just of the brain.”

Insulin is one of the hormones that significantly affects brain function.

It's been shown to pass the blood-brain barrier and act on insulin receptors directly within the brain (3, 4).

Not only does our body produce and release it, but it can also be taken as a medication, particularly for the treatment of diabetes (1, 2).

Researchers have found that insulin has “neurotrophic, neuromodulatory, and neuroprotective effects” by:

Promoting neuronal growth;
Regulating the levels of certain neurotransmitters;
Increasing brain energy levels (ATP in your mitochondria);
Increasing blood flow in the brain;
Preventing dopaminergic neuron loss;
Reducing inflammation in the brain; and
Protecting against oxidative stress in the brain by restoring antioxidants and energy metabolism (5-13).

“In the brain, insulin has a number of roles to play. It promotes glucose uptake in the neurons of the hippocampal formation and the frontal lobes, areas that are involved in memory. Insulin also strengthens the synaptic connections between brain cells, helping to form new memories. In addition, insulin regulates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which plays an important role in learning and memory.”

— Dr. Suzanne Craft, Ph.D

So, it clearly does a lot in the brain, and research shows that it can be therapeutic for a number of mental health conditions, particularly Alzheimer’s disease.

In a new therapeutic approach, commercially-available insulin (Novalin R) is prepared and added to nasal spray bottles, and sprayed and inhaled through the nose to support brain and mental health.

Dr. William Banks, Professor of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, says there are more than 100 different intranasal compounds that are being tested for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

“Intranasal insulin” is just one of them, and it’s one of the more promising ones, as it’s been reported to significantly enhance memory, increase mental energy, reduce brain fog, improve mood, and lower anxiety and stress levels.

The Link Between Alzheimer’s Disease, Insulin and Diabetes

Many of the brain health experts I’ve talked to are convinced that Alzheimer’s disease should actually be called "Type 3 diabetes".

This is because diabetes and insulin are closely linked to cognitive decline and dementia.

Many studies show that diabetes is associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction, and people with diabetes are 2 to 3 times more likely to be diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment than non-diabetics (14-21).

Researchers have also found that insulin declines in the brain as people age, and patients with Alzheimer’s disease often have insulin resistance and reduced levels of insulin in their brains (25-30)

But what if insulin deficiency is detected in the brain, and then insulin is supplied to the brain, could neurodegeneration and the development of dementia be prevented? And could the progression of existing Alzheimer’s disease be halted?

The answers to these questions appears to be yes:

Diabetic patients who take insulin have improved memory and reduced rates of Alzheimer’s disease;
Elderly diabetics who take insulin have less severe Alzheimer’s disease compared with non-diabetics;
Insulin improves cognition and memory in people with Alzheimer’s disease; and
Insulin prevents and reverses brain degeneration and cognitive impairment in diabetic animals (22-24).

Check out the below video to learn more from one of the leading researchers in the field:

Cutting-Edge Research Shows That Intranasal Insulin Improves Cognition and Memory

The intranasal route of insulin administration provides direct access to the cerebrospinal fluid and brain.

This allows insulin to directly enter the brain from the nose, and bind to receptors within specific areas of the brain that are involved in memory and cognition (42).

“Insulin receptors in the brain are found in high densities in the hippocampus, a region that is fundamentally involved in the acquisition, consolidation, and recollection of new information. ”

An increasing amount of research has been published over the last ten years, demonstrating that intranasal insulin can significantly improve cognition, attention, memory and overall brain function in people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease (31-33, 38-39, 43-45).

In fact, there are over 30 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials showing that it’s effective at improving memory, learning and cognitive performance in humans (34-37).

Illustration of how intranasal insulin works.

Yet most people aren’t aware of it, and doctors aren’t prescribing it, while millions of people suffer from dementia.

One study found that it improved objective biomarkers of neurodegeneration, including amyloid deposits and tau pathology, in people with Alzheimer’s disease within a few months. In the group of patients that didn’t receive intranasal insulin, brain function continued to deteriorate (40).

In another study, researchers gave intranasal insulin to 104 adults with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer’s disease. At the end of the 4-month study, the participants who received insulin had significantly better memory and cognitive function compared to the group who didn’t receive insulin (41).

The researchers also found that the improvements in cognition were correlated with improvements in objective biomarkers, and concluded that “intranasal insulin therapy can help to stabilize, slow, or possibly even reverse the course of Alzheimer’s disease (41).

Because of the promising research so far, the US government is currently funding a two-year long clinical trial to see if intranasal insulin will help 240 people with Alzheimer’s disease. Results from the Study of Nasal Insulin in the Fight Against Forgetfulness (SNIFF) are expected to be released in 2017.

And intranasal insulin doesn’t just help elderly people with dementia. It’s also been shown to improve memory in younger, healthy individuals (46-51).

Intranasal Insulin and Other Brain and Mental Health Disorders

Alzheimer’s disease isn’t the only brain and mental health condition that can benefit from intranasal insulin.

Here are some others:

ADHD and drug addiction – Insulin affects dopamine, which is a neurotransmitter linked to both these conditions (52).
Depression, anxiety and anger – In one study, 38 healthy people took intranasal insulin for 8 weeks and experienced enhanced mood, increased self-confidence and reduced anger. Another study found that it affected heart-rate variability (53, 59).
Stroke – Researchers point out that “intranasally administered insulin possesses many of the ideal properties for acute stroke neuroprotection” (54, 62).
Bipolar disorder – One study found that intranasal insulin significantly improved executive function in patients with bipolar disorder (55).
Neurodevelopmental disorder – Two studies have found that intranasal insulin improves cognition, autonomy, motor activity, nonverbal communication, social skills and developmental functioning of children and adults with a rare neurodevelopmental disorder (Phelan-McDermid syndrome) (57, 58).
Overall brain function – “Intranasal insulin appears to restore complex neural networking in the direction of normalization”. In other words, it seems to “reboot” the brain (56).
Parkinson’s disease and Down Syndrome – There is no evidence for this yet but there are ongoing trials looking into whether intranasal insulin could help people with these conditions (60, 61).

Safety of Intranasal Insulin and How to Try It Yourself

Numerous studies show that intranasal insulin is incredibly safe and does not cause any significant adverse side effects. The only minor side effects I came across were dizziness, nose bleeding and mild rhinitis, but these were rare (63-65).

This is because unlike regular insulin administration, intranasal insulin only affects the nose and brain. It doesn’t enter the bloodstream, change insulin levels throughout the entire body, or cause low blood sugar (66-83).

Overall, I believe the benefits outweigh the risks and it’s worth trying, especially if you’re struggling with mild cognitive impairment or early Alzheimer’s disease. It may be another decade or more until the research trickles down and reaches your doctor’s office. Research shows that it takes about 17 years for new scientific evidence to be implemented in clinical practice.

However, I’m not a doctor and you should definitely talk to your doctor about this if you’re considering trying it. If you have an open-minded doctor, perhaps they will support you in trying it. Don’t be surprised if they dismiss the idea entirely though.

With that said, you can easily and legally buy insulin yourself. It’s available over the counter without a prescription at any pharmacy (in the US and Canada). Pharmacists hold it behind the counter and you just have to walk up and ask for “Novolin R.” In Canada, it’s called “Novolin Toronto.”

It’s that simple. You don’t need to provide personal identification or sign anything. It costs about $30.

After that, you can get a nasal spray bottle - like this one or this one.

Then, use pliers to carefully remove the rubber cap from the insulin vial, and pour the insulin into the spray bottle.

At this point, you’re ready to use it. Make sure to keep it in the fridge when you're not using it.

Again, I’m not a doctor. So talk to your doctor about this before trying it. But I feel this is worth sharing and writing about considering it has massive potential to help many people who are struggling day-to-day.

Dosage

Each spray from the nasal bottle is 0.1mL or 10IU of insulin.

Dosages in human studies range from 10IU to 160IU (1 to 16 sprays) daily.

In the longest lasting study, participants took either 20 IU (2 sprays) or 40IU (4 sprays) of insulin daily for four months (86).

So, if you’re going to try it, I wouldn’t take more than 40IU (4 sprays) for longer than 4 months.

However, participants in the ongoing SNIFF trial have been taking intranasal insulin for more than one year, so once the results from that study are released in 2017, my recommendation may change.

Overall, self-experimentation is necessary to find the correct dosage that works best for you.

Conclusion

Intranasal insulin is a very impressive and exciting substance, and the lack of side effects is encouraging.

If you’re looking to improve your memory and brain function and avoid Alzheimer’s disease, it’s definitely worth considering and talking to your doctor about it.

An elderly man sprays intranasal insulin up his nose.

All that’s needed is:

Novalin R (US) or Novalin Toronto (Canada)
Nasal spray bottle
Pliers

I’m aware that this might be little bit “out there” for some people, but I think it has the potential to help a lot of people reach optimal brain and mental health.

Please share with anyone who is struggling with cognitive impairment or the early signs of dementia because it isn't a very well known treatment.

Enjoy This Article? You Might Also Like My FREE Food Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health!

Live Optimally,

Jordan Fallis

Connect with me

References:

(1) http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-003-1153-1

(2) http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/11/957.short

(3) http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/edrv-13-3-387

(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26401706

(5) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15750214/

(6) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4191295/

(7) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15750214/

(8) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22586589

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(11) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26040423

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(13) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4391678/

(14) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4191295/

(15) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22201977/

(16) http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/54/5/1264?ijkey=3186b318b004c253abda2b3f67535508da9fa50a&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

(17) http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/63/7/2253?ijkey=5cc5fc39ea0a601c551a668d0829247222ae292e&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

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27 Effective Ways to Increase Acetylcholine in the Brain

February 4, 2024 Jordan Fallis

Acetylcholine is one of the most important neurotransmitters.

It's critical for the optimal functioning of your brain.

And you’ll definitely want to optimize your levels, especially if you’re looking to improve your memory, attention, sleep and learning abilities.

Luckily, there are a number of ways you can increase the acetylcholine levels in your brain.

And this article shares the best strategies with you.

This post includes six main sections:

The benefits of increasing acetylcholine and how it affects brain function
The conditions associated with low levels of acetylcholine
The best choline supplements you can take to increase acetylcholine production
The best foods and nutrients you should eat to raise acetylcholine
The best herbal supplements for boosting acetylcholine
And the most important hormones for optimal acetylcholine levels

Continue reading to learn more and discover how you can naturally improve your acetylcholine levels.

The Benefits of Increasing Acetylcholine and How It Affects Your Brain

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, meaning it’s a chemical messenger released by neurons (nerve cells) to “communicate” with other neurons.

In 1914, it was the very first neurotransmitter to be identified within the brain (82-83).

Researchers have found that acetylcholine acts on the entire nervous system and plays a large variety of roles throughout the brain.

But it’s most commonly associated with improved memory and learning (84-85).

The brain actually needs enough acetylcholine to form memories.

Research shows that acetylcholine plays a central role in synaptic plasticity, which is a process in the brain that allows brain cells to store new information and memories (88).

Scopolamine is a drug that blocks acetylcholine activity, and it’s known to impair learning and memory in both humans and animals (86-87).

What’s also interesting is that acetylcholine levels have even been shown to rise during REM sleep, which is the stage of sleep when humans “store and consolidate” new memories (89-91).

But acetylcholine doesn’t just improve your memory and learning abilities.

New studies suggest it helps you stay awake, alert and focused (92-93).

In fact, some stimulant drugs such as amphetamines and cocaine increase the activity of acetylcholine in the brain, and researchers think acetylcholine may be responsible for the wakefulness-promoting effects of these drugs (94).

Lastly – but perhaps most importantly – acetylcholine can promote relaxation by stimulating the vagus nerve.

Research shows that acetylcholine can stimulate vagus nerve activity, which can reduce brain inflammation and improve cognitive function and mental health (95, 99).

Surprisingly, acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of the “rest-and-digest” parasympathetic nervous system. It activates the parasympathetic nervous system and counteracts “fight-or-flight” tendencies (96-98).

Conditions Associated with Low Levels of Acetylcholine

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As we get older, acetylcholine activity slowly becomes less and less efficient. Less acetylcholine is released from brain cells, and cells become less sensitive to the acetylcholine that’s released.

Studies suggest that this is one reason why memory starts to fail in older people (100).

But besides aging, low acetylcholine levels (and reduced acetylcholine activity in certain areas of the brain) have also been linked to the development and progression of several brain and mental health conditions.

The biggest link is with Alzheimer's disease and dementia, as people with these conditions often have low acetylcholine levels (101-102).

In fact, it’s estimated that patients with Alzheimer’s Disease lose 90% of the acetylcholine in their brains (107).

Research shows that low acetylcholine in the brain can cause cognitive decline and poor memory in people with dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

And many of the medications that are prescribed to relieve cognitive symptoms and slow down the disease’s progression often work by increasing acetylcholine in the brain and stimulating acetylcholine activity throughout the brain (103-112).

Parkinson’s disease is another neurodegenerative disorder that is linked to low acetylcholine levels in the brain (113).

Too little acetylcholine in the brain can also contribute to the poor cognition and psychosis seen in people suffering with schizophrenia (114-115).

It’s also been found that patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis have lower acetylcholine levels (116).

Lastly, children with autism may lack acetylcholine in their brain, which can contribute to their intellectual impairment. But increasing acetylcholine can improve cognitive and social symptoms (117-118).

It’s also important to point out that many prescription medications are anticholinergic, meaning they reduce acetylcholine and inhibit the physiological action of acetylcholine in the brain.

I used to be on several prescription drugs that were anticholinergic, and I experienced a gradual decline in my cognition.

But once I started following and implementing some of the steps below, I noticed an improvement in cognitive function since they increased my levels of acetylcholine.

I still follow much of the advice below because it helps me focus, remember and learn more effectively.

The Best Choline Supplements to Increase Acetylcholine in the Brain

One of the best and most straightforward approaches to increasing acetylcholine levels is by supplementing with choline.

Choline is an essential nutrient, meaning it can’t be made by the body. You must consume it through your diet.

Unfortunately, most people don’t eat enough choline because very few foods in the Western diet contain high amounts of it.

This is a huge problem because choline is a precursor to acetylcholine. It’s one of the important building blocks that the brain needs to make acetylcholine. You need to eat enough choline to synthesize enough acetylcholine in your brain.

And in one study, researchers found that a higher intake of choline was associated with better cognitive performance (79).

There are several types of choline supplements on the market, and many of them claim to increase choline and boost acetylcholine levels in the brain.

But unfortunately, many of them are not effective at increasing choline levels in the brain and raising acetylcholine.

I’ve tried all of the main choline supplements over the years.

And I’ve found the two below to be the most effective and best options.

That’s why they're now both included in the Optimal Brain supplement.

1. Citicoline

Citicoline (also known as CDP-Choline) is one of the most bioavailable supplemental forms of choline.

It has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.

Research shows that citicoline increases choline levels in the brain (1).

Since choline helps produce acetylcholine, citicoline also increases acetylcholine in the brain (2, 5-6).

Researchers have found that citicoline increases the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the brain after traumatic brain injury. It also increases the number of acetylcholine receptors in your brain (4,7).

As a result, supplementing with citicoline can improve cognition, working memory and verbal memory, and attention (80-81).

Citicoline significantly improves my focus and mental energy. That’s why it’s in the Optimal Brain supplement.

Make sure you read this article to learn more about the remarkable benefits of Citicoline.

2. Alpha GPC

Alpha GPC is another excellent supplemental form of choline. It’s very effective at reaching the brain and improving cognitive function.

Researchers have found that Alpha GPC enhances cognition and improves learning and memory by increasing the release of acetylcholine in the brain (8).

One study found that it increases levels of acetylcholine in the frontal cortex region of the brain, which improves memory, judgment and decision making (10).

Alpha GPC can also increase the synthesis of acetylcholine in the brain, which can help treat dementia (9).

Alpha GPC is in Optimal Brain along with citicoline.

Make sure you read this article to learn more about the remarkable benefits of Alpha GPC, the optimal dosage, and the best way to take it.

The Best Foods and Nutrients to Increase Acetylcholine in the Brain

3. Pantethine

Pantethine is the bioactive form of Vitamin B5.

It’s the precursor to coenzyme A. And coezyme A plays a key role in the synthesis of acetylcholine.

So supplementing with pantethine can lead to an increase in the synthesis of acetylcholine in the brain (11-13).

Researchers have found that chronic alcohol consumption is known to deplete pantethine in the brain. This then inhibits coenzyme A and reduces levels of acetylcholine in all areas of the brain (11-13).

So it’s best to avoid alcohol if you want to increase your acetylcholine levels.

And if you do drink alcohol regularly, definitely supplement with pantethine so that you can maintain your acetylcholine levels.

Pantethine is one of my favourite supplements for energy, focus and motivation.

That’s why I included it in the Optimal Energy supplement.

Pantethine is also a key part of Dr. Bredesen’s protocol for preventing dementia.

4. Acetyl-L-Carnitine

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) is an acetylated form of the amino acid carnitine.

It’s been shown to have neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects.

It’s often used as a natural brain booster by people of all ages because it supports brain cells, enhances cognition, and increases alertness.

One reason it works so well is because it’s the precursor to acetylcholine and increases levels of acetylcholine in the brain. It also activates acetylcholine receptors in the brain (14-15).

As a result, researchers believe it should be used to treat cognitive decline (16).

I find that ALCAR personally gives me a big boost in cognitive energy and resilience. It keeps me motivated to do complex tasks that require optimal brain function.

It’s included it in the Optimal Brain supplement.

Make sure you read this article to learn more about the remarkable benefits of ALCAR.

5. Zinc

Zinc is an essential mineral for brain health.

Unfortunately, it’s estimated that 2 billion people in the world are deficient in zinc, and several studies show that even subclinical zinc deficiency impairs brain function (75-77).

That’s a huge problem.

Because studies show that zinc significantly inhibits acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down and reduces acetylcholine. As a result, it increases acetylcholine levels (23).

Researchers have also found that zinc activates acetylcholine receptors in the brain (24-25).

I created and take the Optimal Zinc supplement to make sure my zinc levels are optimal. I created it because I want to give my clients and readers the very best zinc supplement so that they can experience superior results. I have found that many zinc supplements on the market fall short. Optimal Zinc includes several other nutrients (co-factors) that increase the absorption of zinc.

Besides supplementing with zinc, you should also eat plenty of healthy, whole foods that contain zinc.

Some of the best foods to optimize your zinc levels include:

Oysters
Grass-fed beef
Pumpkin seeds
Cashews
Mushrooms
Spinach

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health.

Check out my previous post all about zinc for more steps you can take to increase your zinc levels.

6. Epigallocatechin Gallate

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) is the main polyphenol found in green tea.

It’s been shown to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.

Research shows that EGCG improves cognitive function by increasing cholinergic neurotransmission in the brain (26).

I personally drink organic green tea regularly, usually in place of coffee on days when I’m relaxing.

However, it’s important to keep in mind that the body isn't very good at absorbing EGCG from green tea and distributing it to the brain and other tissues.

That's why researchers often use large dosages of concentrated EGCG in their studies instead of green tea.

But unfortunately, large dosages of concentrated EGCG have been shown to cause liver toxicity.

So you could supplement with large dosages of concentrated EGCG and see some benefits.

But you'd be damaging your liver at the same time.

Not good.

So what should you do? How do you absorb EGCG and get the amazing benefits of it without damaging your liver?

You take it with Vitamin C.

Research shows that you can enhance the absorption and availability of EGCG by taking it with Vitamin C.

That's why the Optimal Antiox supplement includes a small and safe amount of EGCG, plus 500 mg of Vitamin C.

This significantly enhances the absorption of EGCG, and ensures you get all the brain and mental health benefits of EGCG (without the harm).

7. Grape Seed Extract

Grape seed extract is a supplement high in antioxidants that can help prevent memory loss and improve cognitive function.

Grape seed extract contains high levels of an antioxidant called proanthocyanidin.

Proanthocyanidin has been shown to increase acetylcholine levels and decrease the breakdown of acetylcholine in the brain (27).

And one study found that taking grape seed extract every day can improve attention and memory (78).

Grape seed extract is included in Optimal Antiox, and it contains 95% proanthocyanidins so that you get optimal results.

8. Magnesium

Magnesium is a vital mineral that participates in more than 300 biochemical reactions in your body.

Unfortunately, a lot of people are deficient in magnesium.

This is a shame because magnesium is absolutely essential for optimal brain function.

Magnesium has been shown to have a strong accelerating action on the synthesis of acetylcholine (28).

The mineral also increases the effectiveness of drugs that slow down the breakdown of acetylcholine (29).

Since most people are deficient, magnesium is one of the three supplements that I think everyone should be taking every day.

Epsom salt baths are another great way to increase your body’s intake of magnesium.

You should also make sure you’re eating enough magnesium-rich foods on a regular basis, including:

Spinach
Chard
Pumpkin seeds
Almonds
Avocado
Dark chocolate
Bananas

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health.

9. Manganese

Manganese is an important trace mineral for human health. It acts as a cofactor, helping many enzymes carry out their functions in the body.

Manganese has been shown to increase the synthesis of acetylcholine (30).

Hazelnuts and macadamia nuts contain high levels of manganese, while leafy green vegetables, tea, chocolate and some fruits contain moderate levels. These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health.

However, it’s important to note that you shouldn’t consume too much manganese.

In excess, manganese is neurotoxic and can lead to manganism, a neurodegenerative disorder that causes dopaminergic neuronal death and symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease.

So I don’t recommend supplementing with very large doses of manganese.

The small amount of manganese in Optimal Antiox is fine though.

10. Curcumin

Curcumin is the most heavily researched compound within turmeric, the spice that gives curry its yellow colour.

It’s one of my favourite natural compounds for the brain.

One reason is becayse the curcuminoids in turmeric significantly inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine, increasing levels in the brain. As a result, turmeric can improve memory and help treat Alzheimer's disease (31).

Curcumin has also been shown to enhance the activity of acetylcholine in the brain (32-33).

Curcumin is included in the Optimal Energy supplement.

Since curcumin is a fat soluble, take it with a fatty meal.

11. Coffee

Coffee and caffeine are excellent for brain health.

There is lots of research showing they are very healthy and can lower the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases.

One reason is because they can help optimize acetylcholine levels.

Research shows that caffeine enhances the release of acetylcholine and increases acetylcholine levels in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus, which is the “memory center” of the brain (17-18).

I recently cut out coffee completely but I used to drink this high-quality coffee.

You can also just take pure caffeine tablets if you want.

Coffee and caffeine can disrupt sleep though, so make sure you don’t drink it in the evening close to bed.

Some people like me are really sensitive and have to stop drinking it very early in the day so that it doesn’t disrupt their sleep. I would have my last cup sometime between 10 in the morning and noon. Any later than that and it disrupted my sleep.

It's also a good idea to try to consume the whole coffee fruit, instead of just coffee or pure caffeine.

Traditionally, the coffee bean is extracted from the coffee fruit for roasting. And the surrounding fruit is discarded.

But that’s a problem because the coffee fruit contains several healthy compounds not found in coffee beans themselves.

And researchers have found that consuming whole coffee fruit concentrate can significantly enhance cognitive functioning.

That’s why I included coffee fruit in the Optimal Brain supplement.

12. Eggs

Eggs are one of the richest food sources of choline.

And research shows that eating eggs can lead to a significant increase in choline levels in the blood and in the brain (19-20).

I eat at least 3 eggs every day. They are full of nutrients and excellent for brain health. You should try to find pastured eggs from a local farmer in your area.

Eggs are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health.

13. Beef Liver

Beef liver is another very rich source of choline.

And research shows that eating liver can lead to a significant increase in choline levels in the blood and in the brain (19-20).

Beef liver is one of my three top foods I recommend eating for optimal brain health.

It’s included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health.

I don’t like the taste of cooked liver, so I take desiccated beef liver capsules instead.

14. Uridine

Uridine is a natural compound commonly found in beer.

I definitely don’t recommend drinking beer, but supplementing with pure uridine can protect the brain, enhance cognition, and increase mood and motivation.

Researchers have found that supplementing with uridine increases acetylcholine concentrations in the brain (3).

It’s important to note that uridine in food is not bioavailable, and no food has been shown to increase blood levels of uridine (74).

So you’ll need to supplement with it.

Uridine is synergistic with omega-3 fatty acids and choline, meaning they all work better when you take them together.

15. Wild Blueberries

If you want to improve your cognitive performance, eating lots of fruits and vegetables is definitely something you’ll want to do regularly.

Wild blueberries are particularly potent because of they are so rich in polyphenols.

The polyphenols in wild blueberries have been shown to significantly improve learning and memory by increasing acetylcholine levels in the brain (21-22).

If you eat blueberries, make sure they are wild because they are richer in polyphenols.

I buy wild blueberries every time I go grocery shopping.

They are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health.

I try to eat one cup of them every day to support my brain health.

Alternatively, you can take a blueberry extract.

In fact, most researchers use a concentrated blueberry extract instead of actual blueberries when they study the beneficial health effects of blueberries.

It’s actually less expensive in the long run to take an extract than eat blueberries every day, but I just prefer to eat actual blueberries. It’s more enjoyable.

You can also drink blueberry juice if you want. There is research showing that blueberry juice improves cognitive function in the elderly.

Besides increasing acetylcholine, wild blueberries also improve brain health by increasing BDNF and improving brain blood flow.

16. Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3s fatty acids are the highest quality fats for the brain and increasing your intake of them is one of the most impactful actions you can take to promote the normal functioning of your brain and nervous system.

They have been shown in many studies to significantly reduce brain inflammation; improve memory, mood and cognition; and protect against mild cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

Research also shows that omega-3 fatty acids increase acetylcholine levels in the brain (34-35).

It’s important to consume enough omega-3 fatty acids because they are essential fats that your body cannot produce itself.

Omega-3 fatty acids are found primarily in cold water fish, including:

Salmon
Black cod
Sablefish
Sardines
Herring

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health.

Unfortunately, most people don't consume enough omega-3 fatty acids through their diet.

That’s why I recommend supplementing with krill oil, a special kind of fish oil that contains the essential omega-3 fatty acids.

The Best Herbal Supplements to Increase Acetylcholine in the Brain

There are many different herbs and natural plant compounds that can increase acetylcholine levels.

They usually work by inhibiting acetylcholine esterase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine in the brain.

17. Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo Biloba is a plant that has been used in China for thousands of years to treat a number of health problems.

It’s one of the top-selling natural supplements in the world, and it’s even a prescription herb in Germany.

Ginkgo Biloba extract is most commonly used to improve brain health because it increases brain blood flow and improves memory, mood, mental energy, and attention in both healthy and unhealthy individuals.

Ginkgo biloba extract has been shown to enhance cognition by increasing acetylcholine levels in the prefrontal cortex of the brain (42, 45).

In one study, it significantly increased acetylcholine in the hippocampus, which is the area of the brain involved in memory (41).

Another study found that it also inhibits acetylcholine esterase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine. As a result, researchers think it could be used to treat dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (43-44).

Ginkgo Biloba is included in the Optimal Brain supplement.

18. Ginseng

Researchers have found that several types of ginseng significantly reduce the breakdown of acetylcholine (52).

They also increase the synthesis of acetylcholine in the brain, which can reverse memory loss (53).

The best form of ginseng that I have personally benefited the most from is American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius).

I find that it improves my memory and clears brain fog very quickly.

Research shows that American Ginseng enhances brain function by stimulating the production and release of acetylcholine in the brain (54-55).

One study found it can recover the cognitive function by enhancing acetylcholine levels (56).

19. Huperzine A

Huperzine A is a natural compound found in the Chinese herb Huperzia serrata.

It has neuroprotective effects, and significantly improves cognition in animals and humans (40).

It's been shown to block acetylcholine esterase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine (39).

As a result, it can increase acetylcholine levels in the brain, improving learning and memory (36).

A systematic review concluded it can help reduce cognitive decline and slow down the development of neurodegenerative disorders (38-39).

And in China, it’s approved and prescribed to treat Alzheimer’s disease (37).

20. Bacopa

Bacopa monnieri is a medicinal herb that enhances cognition.

It’s most commonly used to improve memory and reduce symptoms of dementia (48).

Research shows that bacopa blocks the breakdown of acetylcholine and increases the production of acetylcholine (46, 49).

One study found that it can even reverse the memory loss caused by anti-cholinergic drugs (47).

Other studies show that it significantly improves learning and memory by significantly reducing the breakdown of acetylcholine (50-51).

Besides improving memory and cognition, I have found bacopa very relaxing and good at reducing anxiety and stress.

So it’s a good option if you’re looking for something to increase acetylcholine and relieve anxiety at the same time.

21. Gotu Kola

Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) is a traditional herb with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

It’s been used for centuries in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to enhance cognition.

Studies show that it enhances learning and memory by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine in the brain (58-60).

It’s even been shown to reduce the formation of amyloid plaques, which occurs in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease (57).

It's important to point out that the Gotu Kola plant soaks up heavy metals from the soil. So you need to find a high-quality, organic source that doesn’t contain heavy metals.

22. Galantamine

Galantamine is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Galanthus woronowii.

It’s commonly used to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease because it can improve memory, cognitive performance, activities of daily living and behavioral symptoms (62, 64).

Research shows that it maintains acetylcholine levels by slowing down the breakdown of acetylcholine in the brain (61).

It also stimulates acetylcholine activity throughout the entire brain (63).

23. Rhodiola

Rhodiola, also known as golden root or arctic root, is a Traditional Chinese and Scandinavian herb.

It’s one of the most popular adaptogens used to increase physical and mental stamina.

Rhodiola has been shown to improve learning and memory by reducing the breakdown of acetylcholine (65-67).

As a result, researchers think it is a good candidate for the treatment of dementia and other memory disturbances (65).

I personally take this rhodiola supplement. I don't take it every day, only when I need an extra boost in brain function and cognitive energy. It’s especially useful after stressful periods of pushing myself too hard. It helps me recover faster.

Rhodiola also boosts dopamine levels and induces autophagy in the brain.

Be sure to check out this post to learn more about the benefits of rhodiola.

24. Rosemary

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a medicinal plant rich in polyphenols and flavonoids.

It has antidepressant effects by boosting cholinergic activity in brain cells (68).

It also significantly reduces the breakdown of acetylcholine (69).

Researchers found that simply inhaling rosemary essential oil can improve cognitive performance by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine (70).

Important Hormones That Increase Acetylcholine in the Brain

Hormones levels can also significantly impact your acetylcholine levels. Below are three main hormones that you should optimize.

25. Estrogen

Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone and responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system.

Increasing estrogen levels has been shown to significantly increase the release of acetylcholine in the frontal cortex of the brain (71).

I recommend both men and women get their hormone levels checked regularly, and then optimize them if they want to optimize brain function and feel their best.

You can check your estrogen levels here.

26. Insulin

Insulin is a hormone that significantly affects brain function.

Researchers have found that it passes the blood-brain barrier and acts on insulin receptors directly within the brain.

Unfortunately, many people today develop insulin resistance within the brain.

When this happens, there is a reduction in cognitive function.

So in a new therapeutic approach, commercially-available insulin (Novalin R) is being prepared and added to nasal spray bottles, and sprayed and inhaled through the nose to support the brain and mental health.

Intranasal insulin has been reported to significantly enhance memory, increase mental energy and reduce brain fog.

One possible way it does this is by increasing acetylcholine levels in the brain.

Research shows that insulin improves memory by enhancing cholinergic function and inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine in the brain (72).

Intranasal insulin also improves brain blood flow and increases the formation of new synapses in the brain.

If you’re interested in learning more about intranasal insulin, I previously wrote a full article about it. You can read that here.

27. Melatonin

Melatonin is a hormone released by your pineal gland, a small gland in your brain. You can also take it as a supplement.

It helps control your circadian rhythm, and adequate levels of melatonin are necessary to fall asleep quickly and sleep deeply throughout the night.

Research shows that melatonin improves memory by enhancing cholinergic function and inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine (73).

This sleep supplement, which contains magnesium and a number of other natural compounds that I’ve used over the years to promote the production of melatonin.

But I work with my clients so that they can naturally produce more melatonin and maximize the quality of their sleep without so many supplements. We have free online workshop that talks about how you can work with us. You can register for the workshop here.